tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47405609154729800962024-03-20T01:04:02.808-07:00Sphoorthy - CSE DepartmentAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-8997926639343862612015-08-05T04:51:00.002-07:002015-08-05T04:51:46.906-07:00CORTANA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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An intelligent personal assistant is a software agent that can perform tasks or services for an individual. These tasks or services are based on user input, location awareness, and the ability to access information from a variety of online sources (such as weather or traffic conditions, news, stock prices, user schedules, retail prices, etc.). Examples of such an agent are Apple's Siri, Braina, Google's Google Now, Amazon Echo, Microsoft's Cortana, Samsung's S Voice, LG's Voice Mate, BlackBerry's Assistant, SILVIA, and HTC's Hidi.</div>
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Microsoft Cortana is an intelligent personal assistant developed by Microsoft for Windows Phone 8.1, Microsoft Band, and Windows 10. It is named after Cortana, an artificial intelligence character in Microsoft's Halo video game series, with Jen Taylor, the character's voice actress, returning to voice the personal assistant's US-specific version.Cortana was demonstrated for the first time at the Microsoft BUILD Developer Conference (April 2–4, 2014) in San Francisco. It has been launched as a key ingredient of Microsoft's planned "makeover" of the future operating systems for Windows Phone and Windows. As of 2015, Cortana is available as a beta to all users of Windows Phone 8.1 in the United States (US English), China (Mandarin Chinese), and the United Kingdom (UK English). Users in certain countries can also choose to opt-in to the alpha for the English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish versions of Cortana as of August 2014.</div>
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Cortana's features include being able to set reminders, recognize natural voice without the user having to input a predefined series of commands, and answer questions using information from Bing (like current weather and traffic conditions, sports scores, and biographies). Windows 8.1's universal Bing Smart Search features are incorporated into Cortana, which replaces the previous Bing Search app which is activated when a user presses the "Search" button on their device. Cortana also includes a music recognition service. Cortana can also roll dice and flip a coin by asking the commands "roll a dice" (one die), "roll the dice" (two dice), and "flip a coin", Concert Watch is a feature that helps Cortana determine which bands or musicians you are interested in by monitoring your Bing searches. Cortana also integrates with the Microsoft Band for Windows Phone devices if connected via Bluetooth. On the Microsoft Band Cortana can make reminders and bring phone notifications.</div>
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Since the Lumia Denim series, launched in October 2014, active listening was added to Cortana, enabling it to be triggered with the phrase: “Hey Cortana,” even across the room and without the need to touch the phone. After the trigger phrase is spoken, Cortana can be controlled normally for tasks like setting a reminder, asking a question, or launching an app. Some devices from the United Kingdom by O2 have received the Lumia Denim update without the feature but this was later clarified as a bug and Microsoft had since fixed it. Cortana also integrates with services like Foursquare to provide restaurant and local attraction recommendations. It offers several functionalities like:</div>
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<b>Notebook:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The "Notebook" is where personal information such as interests, location data, reminders, and contacts will be stored for access by Cortana. </div>
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<b>Design:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Most versions of Cortana take the form of two nested, animated circles. The circles are animated to indicate certain activities such as searching or talking.</div>
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<b>Miscellaneous:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cortana features a "do-not-disturb" mode in which users can specify "quiet hours", something that is already available for Windows Phone 8.1 users. Users can change the settings so that Cortana calls users by their names (or nicknames). </div>
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<b>Region:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cortana is region-specific, and adapts its voice to match the everyday language, culture and speech patterns of the country its user lives in. </div>
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<b>The Players:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cortana, Microsoft’s assistant is based off of the character of the same name from Microsoft’s Halo video game franchise. Featuring voice actress Jen Taylor, Cortana is available to anyone using Windows Phone 8.1. </div>
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<b>Voice:</b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There are many factors that go into choosing a personal digital assistant, but the voice of the assistant is a big draw. We have a recognizable voice actress handling Microsoft’s Cortana. Cortana is locked to implement Jen Taylor’s dulcet tones.</div>
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<b><u><i>Article By:</i></u></b></div>
<div>
<div>
<b>P.SAI SREE PALLAVI,</b></div>
<div>
<b>CSE DEPARTMENT</b></div>
<div>
<b>SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE</b></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-46065613967043887472015-08-05T04:50:00.002-07:002015-08-05T04:50:40.764-07:00CYNOGENMOD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
CyanogenMod, usually abbreviated to <b>CM</b>, is an open-source operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. It is developed as free and open source software based on the official releases of Android by Google, with extended original and third-party code. It is based on a rolling release development model.<br />
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CyanogenMod offers features and options which are not found in the official firmware distributed by mobile device vendors. Features supported by CyanogenMod include native theming support,FLAC audio codec support, a large Access Point Name list, an OpenVPN client, Privacy Guard,support for tethering over common interfaces, CPU overclocking and other performance enhancements, unlockablebootloader and root access, soft buttons and other "tablet tweaks", toggles in the notification pull-down (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS), and other interface enhancements. CyanogenMod does not contain spyware or bloatware, according to its developers.CyanogenMod is also stated to increase performance and reliability compared with official firmware releases.<br />
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Soon after the introduction of the HTC Dream mobile phone in September 2008, a method was discovered to attain privileged control (termed "<b>root access</b>") within Android's Linux-based subsystem.Having root access, combined with the <b>open source</b> nature of the Android operating system, allowed the phone's stock firmware to be modified and re-installed onto the phone.<br />
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In the following year, modified firmwares for the Dream were developed and distributed by Android enthusiasts. One, maintained by a developer named JesusFreke, became popular among Dream owners. In August 2009, JesusFreke stopped work on his firmware, and suggested users switch to a version of his ROM that had been further enhanced by developer Cyanogen (Steve Kondik) called "CyanogenMod".<br />
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Google has gone to great lengths to avoid the GPL by building their own low level components such as Dalvik and Bionic. In CM, the only GPL component that currently comes to mind that we’ve added is our Torch app (originally called Nexus One Torch) The Apache license specifically ALLOWS precisely what you suggest it doesn’t. A dual-license would do the same, but also protect contributors by forcing unaffiliated entities to contribute back if they use the software in a commercial context. It’s not so that CM can close the source and still ship it to our users. Again, we don’t have any plans to change licenses.<br />
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Focal is a special case- it has to be GPL because Focal uses a number of GPL components under the hood,this proposed the dual-license extension as a way to work around some of the inherent problems with the GPL and give a greater degree of freedom to both him and CM as an organization. This is a very common licensing model in the open-source world.<br />
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But none of this matters. We’re not closing the source or changing the license of any code that has been contributed to the project.<br />
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Benchmark has a long history of supporting open source projects intent on becoming successful enterprises. Our open source history includes <b>Red Hat, MySQL,SpringSource, JBoss, Eucalyptus, Zimbra, Elasticsearch, HortonWorks</b>, and now <b>Cyanogen</b>. We’ve been behind many of the most successful open source software companies in the world. We have a deep respect for the special needs of these businesses, and how to build companies while preserving the transparency and vigor of the open source communities.<br />
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<b>Several versions of Cyanogenmod are as follows:</b><br />
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<b>CyanogenMod</b><b><br />
main version</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Android version</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Last or
major<br />
release<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</tr>
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3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 1.5(Cupcake)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
3.6.8.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
3.9.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android1.5/1.6<br />
(Cupcake/Donut)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
4.1.4<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
4.2.15.1<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tr>
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<td valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android
2.0/2.1<br />
(Eclair)<o:p></o:p></div>
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</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
5.0.8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="2" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 2.2.x<br />
(Froyo)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
6.0.0<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
6.1.3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr>
<td rowspan="3" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 2.3.x<br />
(Gingerbread)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
7.0.3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
7.1.0<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
7.2.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
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<td valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 3.x<br />
(Honeycomb)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
N/A<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
9<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 4.0.x<br />
(Ice Cream Sandwich)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
9.1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
10<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 4.1.x<br />
(Jelly Bean)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
10.0.0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android 4.2.x<br />
(Jelly Bean)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
10.1.3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android
4.3.x<br />
(Jelly Bean)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
10.2.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
11<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android
4.4.x<br />
(KitKat)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
11.0 M12<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center">
12<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
Android
5.0.x<br />
(Lollipop)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
12.0
(Nightly)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center">
12.1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<b>------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></div>
<div>
<b><i>Article By:</i></b></div>
<div>
<b>G.VINEETH KUMAR,</b></div>
<div>
<b>CSE DEPARTMENT,</b></div>
<div>
<b>SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE</b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-72465109260106506482015-08-05T04:19:00.004-07:002015-08-05T04:19:44.023-07:00Bresenham’s Circle Generation Algorithm in Computer Graphics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This algorithm is used to generate only one octant of the circle. The other parts are obtained by successive reflections.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This illustrated in figure. If the first octant ( 0 to 45¬o CCW) is generated, the second </div>
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octant is obtained by reflection through the line y = x to yield the first quadrant.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The results in the first quadrant are reflected through the line x = 0 to obtain those in </div>
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the 2nd quadrant.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The combined results in the upper semi circle are reflected through the line y = 0 to </div>
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complete the circle.</div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-vLnrEChNAtvlxFcdhlt4prx9TKbvzxP7OCO2o16QLOEuKZ6HW-br9Om_UAEtmWCev1DN6qPbYUdnLYKSb0_brOqnxi_PBNysuSBUBq7efoHu_2Z1mv5yTSppZOFMg907_zKyqUVjrs/s1600/cse-graphics.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-vLnrEChNAtvlxFcdhlt4prx9TKbvzxP7OCO2o16QLOEuKZ6HW-br9Om_UAEtmWCev1DN6qPbYUdnLYKSb0_brOqnxi_PBNysuSBUBq7efoHu_2Z1mv5yTSppZOFMg907_zKyqUVjrs/s1600/cse-graphics.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>To derive Bresenham’s circle generation algorithm, consider the first quadrant of an </div>
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origin centered circle. Notice that if the algorithm begins at x =0 , y =r then for </div>
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clockwise generation of the circle y is monotonically decreasing function of x in the </div>
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first quadrant. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhZgHIVF1Kw8aMOAoAd-K8T26s_nj9ZUvXkjaE6EORucO213PsDLsQThBKPoEnPlSPlS3tJWzUG5bnk4A9rJr8B0ywAmizUezzl4GIqep7eW24KZ00H0rbQ72gHG6cBjoFQbIYelt89I/s1600/cse-graphics2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhZgHIVF1Kw8aMOAoAd-K8T26s_nj9ZUvXkjaE6EORucO213PsDLsQThBKPoEnPlSPlS3tJWzUG5bnk4A9rJr8B0ywAmizUezzl4GIqep7eW24KZ00H0rbQ72gHG6cBjoFQbIYelt89I/s1600/cse-graphics2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Similarly, if the algorithm begins at y =0 , x=R then for counter clock wise generation </div>
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of the circle x is a monotonically decreasing function of y. Here clockwise generation </div>
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starting at x=0, y=R is chosen.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The center of the circle and the starting point are both assumed located precisely at </div>
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pixel element.</div>
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<br /></div>
<b>Algorithm:</b><br />
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<br /></div>
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Bresenham’s incremental circle algorithm for the first quadrant all variables are assumed integer.</div>
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Initialize the variables.</div>
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xi = 0;</div>
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yi = R;</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i = 2(1-R)</div>
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Limit =0</div>
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while yi ≥ Limit</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call setpixel(xi,yi)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>determine if case 1 or 2,4 or5 or 3</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i < 0 then</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ = 2<b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i + 2yi – 1</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>determine whether case 1 or 2</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if δ ≤ 0 then</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call mh(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call md(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end if</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i > 0 then</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ1=2<b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i + 2xi – 1</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>determine whether case 4 or 5</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if δ1≤0 then</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call md(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call mv(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end if</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>else if <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i =0 then</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call md(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end if</div>
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end while</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> finish</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Move horizontally</div>
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subroutine mh(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>xi = xi + 1</div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i = <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i + 2xi +1</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end sub</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Move diagonally</div>
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subroutine md(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>xi = xi + 1</div>
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yi = yi - 1</div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i = <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i + 2xi -2yi +2</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end sub</div>
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<br /></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Move vertically</div>
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subroutine mv(xi,yi, <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i)</div>
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yi = yi + 1</div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i = <b><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span></b>i -2yi +1</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>end sub</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Example</i>: To illustrate the circle generation algorithm, consider the origin-centered circle of radius 8. Only the first quadrant is generated.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Solution: initial calculations</div>
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<b>xi = 0;</b></div>
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<b>yi = 8</b></div>
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<b> <span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span>i = 2(1-8)</b></div>
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<b> Limit =0</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Incrementing through the main loop yields</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>yi > Limit</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>continue</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>setpixel(0,8)</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span>i<0</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ=2(-14)+2(8)-1=-13</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ<0</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call mh(0,8,-14)</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = 0+1=1</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span>i= -14 +2(1)+1=-11</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>yi >Limit</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>continue</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>setpixel(1,8)</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span>i<0</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ=2(-11)+2(8)-1=-7</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ<0</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>call mh(1,8,-11)</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x=1+1=2</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 3"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: "Wingdings 3";">r</span>i= -11 +2(2)+1=-6</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>yi >Limit</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>continue</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>setpixel(2,8)</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>…</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>…</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>…</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>continue</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Setpixel<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>i<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>δ1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>y</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8</b></div>
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<b>(0 , 8)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8</b></div>
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<b>(1 , 8)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8</b></div>
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<b>(2 ,8 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7</b></div>
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<b>(3 , 7)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7</b></div>
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<b>(4 ,7 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6</b></div>
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<b>( 5, 6)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5</b></div>
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<b>( 6,5 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b> 9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>4</b></div>
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<b>(7 ,4 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3</b></div>
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<b>(7 , 3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-7 8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2</b></div>
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<b>(8 ,2 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>19 8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1</b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(8 ,1 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0</b></div>
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<b>(8 ,0 )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil310p-ZCuIb26xtbam7AewgeckkpkGsKTbhT4n9RH0FN7y3vf7n2tGsmdxnV2665ImANnlrwEsp_7rNOBLClqqApbmKMHOhVJ9LBxQtjJLJ5_YLcHSSOIQfAQMSqykyy_acb_htOPbnc/s1600/cse-graphics3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil310p-ZCuIb26xtbam7AewgeckkpkGsKTbhT4n9RH0FN7y3vf7n2tGsmdxnV2665ImANnlrwEsp_7rNOBLClqqApbmKMHOhVJ9LBxQtjJLJ5_YLcHSSOIQfAQMSqykyy_acb_htOPbnc/s1600/cse-graphics3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Article By:</b></div>
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<b>GV Prasad<br />Assoc. Professor</b></div>
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<b>CSE Department </b></div>
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<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-47339341606931297002015-08-05T04:18:00.003-07:002015-08-05T04:18:15.826-07:00Converting UML Diagram into Source Code Steps<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>FORWARD ENGINEERING FOR CONVERTING UML DIAGRAM INTO SOURCE CODE STEPS:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Open Rational Rose: Go to start->programs->Rational software->Rational Rose Enterprise Edition click it.<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right click on UNTITLED on the top left corner of rational rose tool to name the project title and save it.<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right click on logical view->new->Class diagram. Give the name of the class diagram and double click it.<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Draw the class diagram and select the diagram.<br />
5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Go to TOOLS->JAVA/J2EE->click GENERATED CODE.<br />
6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>After completion of 5th step go to C:\Program Files\Rational Rose Ent\common. Check your code.<br />
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<b>REVERSE ENGINEERING STEPS:</b><br />
<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Write any source code program(using any oops programming language and compile eg:JAVA)<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Open Rational Rose: Go to start->programs->Rational software->Rational Rose Enterprise Edition click it.<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Right click on UNTITLED and select save and give the name.<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Go to TOOLS->JAVA/J2EE->click on REVERSE ENGINEER. Open Your JAVA program (using click on Edit Path).<br />
5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Select java program and click ADD.<br />
6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Again Select java program and click on reverse. And click on done button.<br />
7.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Go to logical view on the rational rose tool drag your class diagram on to the work space area.<br />
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Note: The entire Procedure is recorded in the video format for easiest understanding/Navigation.<br />
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<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Sphoorthy Engineering College<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-15675275126699772792015-08-05T04:17:00.001-07:002015-08-05T04:17:10.068-07:00NORMALIZATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Normalization is the part of the Dbms(Database Management System). To reduce the redundant, repeated or inconsistent and noise data we use normalization. Data base normalization is a database schema design technique, by which an already created schema is modified to minimize redundancy and dependency of the data. The main befits are we can eliminate data redundancy, it improves the performance of the DBMS, faster update etc.<br />
<br />
Without normalization we may have<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Data may be complex<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Data may inadequate<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Data may be the confusion<br />
4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Changing the data i.e. updating, inserting, deleting may be the complex.<br />
<br />
<b>What normalization explains?</b><br />
The normalization is the process to eliminate the problematic data created by the users. But the problems will not completely remove in the single step. So we have to follow some steps. The steps are called normalization forms/ normal forms.<br />
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In the first step or in the first attempt we will eliminate the following problems<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Studentname</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">age</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">subject</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Pavan</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">30</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">english,social</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Rahul</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">40</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">maths</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Kumar</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">25</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">Biology</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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As per first normal form, no two rows of data must contain repeating. <br />
So eliminate to the flowing way<br />
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Studentname</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">age</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">subject</td>
</tr>
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<td valign="top" width="105">Pavan</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">30</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">english</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Pavan</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">30</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">social</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Rahul</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">40</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">maths</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="105">Kumar</td>
<td valign="top" width="98">25</td>
<td valign="top" width="100">Biology</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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In the second normal form, it is based on the functional dependency. In this we are finding out the primary and non-primary attributes. Partial dependencies are not allowed in the second normal forms/.In the third normal form, the transitive functional dependencies should be removed from the table and the table must be in the second normal form. The next normal form is called BCNF (Boyce-codd normal form). If you have A and B functions. A AND B should be candidates keys. In the fourth normal form, it has no multiple sets of multi valve dependencies. If we decompose the tables to multiple numbers, then also there is no loss less is called the fifth normal form.<br />
There may be some more normal forms to get good data, but I explained only 5 normal forms. Finally, the conclusion is from this article is that DBMS TABLES in to smaller with less redundant and without loss of information.<br />
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<b>-------------------------------------------------------------<br />Article By:</b><br />
<b>T. Pavan Kumar</b><b>Assist. Professor <br />CSE Department<br />Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-31942783377783586842015-08-05T04:15:00.001-07:002015-08-05T04:15:32.422-07:00Exception Class in Java Programming Language<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><i>What is Exception</i></b></div>
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Exception is raised due to abnormal condition which interrupts the normal flow of the program Exception is a class in java Programming language and exception raised at runtime is the object of Exception class or Exception class Hierarchy.</div>
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All the Exception needs to be handled by taking the appropriate actions by the programmer.</div>
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Exception handlers are also provided by the jvm even if the programmers don’t provide the handlers.</div>
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<b>There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling.</b></div>
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1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>try</div>
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2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>catch</div>
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3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>finally</div>
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4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>throw</div>
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5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>throws</div>
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<b>Try</b></div>
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1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try is a block which has to be written in a method block.</div>
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2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try can have single or multiple statements.</div>
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3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try can have any number of Exceptions but try block will raise only one Exception at a time .</div>
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4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try block can be followed by single catch or multiple catch to handle the Exception or it can also be followed by finally block</div>
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5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>But there cannot be any statements between any of these blocks . </div>
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<b>Syntax of java try-catch</b></div>
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try{ </div>
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//code that may throw exception </div>
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}catch(Exception_class_Name ref){} </div>
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<b>Syntax of try-finally block</b></div>
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try{ </div>
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//code that may throw exception </div>
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}finally{} </div>
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<b>Java catch block</b></div>
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Java catch block is used to handle the Exception raised by try block. It must be used after the try block only. One try can have one catch or any number of catches but they should be continues.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWEzEZEv7D_svlpxk8bK3Ppce0FM6i56B6OAxyqlVQOp5ZjDLEqmH4mQg2Jpuncdh1wLDteCz20cN3DaSsWqoSgOEcQkiUbD5ETjtbMdFoeDGsf0YPf3hHc-Wb2x0Fcrk4j-3IJRP3ZPA/s1600/cse-exception.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWEzEZEv7D_svlpxk8bK3Ppce0FM6i56B6OAxyqlVQOp5ZjDLEqmH4mQg2Jpuncdh1wLDteCz20cN3DaSsWqoSgOEcQkiUbD5ETjtbMdFoeDGsf0YPf3hHc-Wb2x0Fcrk4j-3IJRP3ZPA/s1600/cse-exception.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Java finally block</b></div>
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Finally is a block that contain a set of statements which will be executed either the exception are handled properly or not or not.</div>
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Finally block can be followed after the catch block or it can be after try block but not between try and catch blocks. There cannot be multiple finally blocks </div>
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try{......}</div>
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finally{.....}</div>
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(or)</div>
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try{.......}</div>
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catch(Exception e){.....}</div>
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finally{.....}</div>
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<u><b>Example Program </b></u><br />
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public class Testtrycatch2</div>
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{ </div>
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public static void main(String args[])</div>
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{ </div>
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Try</div>
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{ </div>
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int data=50/0; </div>
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}</div>
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catch(ArithmeticException e)</div>
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{</div>
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System.out.println(e);</div>
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} </div>
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finally</div>
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{</div>
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</div>
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System.out.println("rest of the code..."); </div>
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} </div>
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} }</div>
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<b>---------------------------------------------------------------------</b></div>
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<b>Article By:</b></div>
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<b>K.Pavan Kumar</b><b><br />CSE Dept</b><b>Assistant Professor</b><b><br />Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-27071207401067097912015-08-05T03:41:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:41:32.224-07:00Functional Units of Computer – Computer Organization<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Computer Organization is a term about the management, working, super vision, coordination and controlling of components of a computer according to end user requirements. This title being a topic of JNTU- Hyderabad Curriculum for B.Tech II Year CSE helps students to understand about computer functionality in depth.<br />
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The Syllabus formed by JNTUH for this title in its B.Tech four – year degree is well planned. The topic discussion starts with basics, and discusses functional units of computer, their organization and assembly language programming.<br />
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The curriculum includes 5 units in total, each unit with its own significance. The first Unit describes how the functional units of computer like CPU, Memory and I/O Unit communicates with each other including the topics like Instruction formats, addressing modes and branch instructions etc…<br />
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Unit – II discuss the communication between I/O devices and Memory. It also covers more useful concepts in this context like Asynchronous data transfer, Input – output Processor, Direct Memory Access, Interrupts, Interrupt handling schemes etc…<br />
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Third unit is about memory management and organization. It discusses the need of various memories in computer and their hierarchy. The leading concept of this unit is Cache memory – FASTEST BUFFER MEMORY; we discuss how cache memory reduces CPU waiting time, how it improves the performance of computer with its policies like replacement policy, write policy and mapping strategies.<br />
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The fourth unit is a case study of a processor: 8086. We will learn 8086 pin description, addressing modes and registers of 8086 microprocessor. Finally Unit – V introduces assembly language programming for a processor with basic example programs on arithmetic expressions, branch and CALL instructions.<br />
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I suggest this “Computer Organization” title is the mandatory syllabus for all computer users irrespective of their stream in education, profession and area of service. This Subject acts as base for “Micro processors”, “Embedded systems” and “Operating Systems”. This Subject can offer the career options – Embedded engineer, Chip Designer, Computer Architect, Computer designer etc…<br />
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<b>------------------------------------------------------------------<br />Article By:</b><br />
<b>K. Satya Narayana</b><br />
<b>Assistant Professor</b><br />
<b>Department of CSE</b><br />
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-40808664964873106352015-08-05T03:40:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:40:25.212-07:00Computer and Network Security - Better Safe than Sorry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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According to English literature, Security is the state of being safe from danger or threat. In the contemporary world, most of the organization relies on their respective Information Systems that include human resource and combination of Hardware and Software. Information system that serves the purpose of the daily transaction of the organization involves the sharing of information between information systems connected through public network called Internet. As the nature of the internet is public, there exist threats like intruders and viruses that lead to the negative impact on the information system resulting loss of information and finally loosing reputation of the organization. Thus there is a dire need of security aspect which is categorized in to Network Security Applications and System Security Applications. Security aspects related to web server and web client fall into category of Computer or System Security. Security concern that ensure the data traffic satisfying confidentiality, authentication and data integrity during the transmission fall into the category of Network Security. Both Computer security and Network Security works on the top of Cryptography which is art of secret writing. Cryptography includes two categories of encryption algorithms such as Public Key (Asymmetric) Cryptography and Secret (Symmetric) key Cryptography.</div>
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Symmetric key Cryptography involves the transposition and substitution which are performed at greater speed by the computer. Hence symmetric key cryptography is employed in the case of large message encryptions. Key overhead issue in the symmetric key cryptography is resolved in public key cryptography by adopting concept called public key and private key for each entity. Public key cryptography involves the mathematics operations which are performed bit slower than transposition and substitution in symmetric cryptography. Thus public key cryptography is being used in encrypting smaller messages like secret keys and also in the case of secure key exchange between two entities. Messages encrypted by private key of the sender always ensure the authentication and provides Digital Signature. Cryptography which is basis for the Network Security Applications include IP Security (IPSec), E-mail Security (PGP, PEM & S/MIME), Key distribution with User Authentication ( Kerberoes & X.509 Directory), Transport Layer Security ( TLS, SSL, SET). There exist various System security Applications like Virus Counter Measures, Trusted Systems, Firewalls and Intrusion Detection System. These applications control the access to the computer resources and perform the auditing and logging the various events of a system. </div>
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Safe transactions that are happening around the world digitally are just because of the great work done by researchers of Cryptography and Network Security. I feel responsible to acknowledge them and my teachers who enlighten me in this domain of Security. </div>
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<b>-------------------------------------------------------------<br />Article By:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sravan Kumar G</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Asst. Professor</b></div>
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<b>CSE Department</b></div>
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<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-72315419729260351552015-08-05T03:34:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:34:31.783-07:00Data Structures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The way the data is organized in the memory is called data structure.<br />
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It is a representation of the logical relationship among individual elements of data.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Nm9hDnxU4bTrsaQaEBpOzGHYSlUyVtEu92Ka1OUc5OuYRyabfzlFbP0CMloG0F6orL4AMUtT3W1fq_vjZb_iI1ds-fptzjOyQVdgCmcIcg_vVuf5hhqDsiaDGgkj7gvnfMwSZLsXM1g/s1600/cse-data-structures.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Nm9hDnxU4bTrsaQaEBpOzGHYSlUyVtEu92Ka1OUc5OuYRyabfzlFbP0CMloG0F6orL4AMUtT3W1fq_vjZb_iI1ds-fptzjOyQVdgCmcIcg_vVuf5hhqDsiaDGgkj7gvnfMwSZLsXM1g/s1600/cse-data-structures.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Article By:</b></div>
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<b>A.Sunitha,</b></div>
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<b>Associate Professor, </b></div>
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CSE Department, </div>
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Sphoorthy Engineering College</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthyh Engineering College</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-32063643212430017222015-08-05T03:33:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:33:29.870-07:00Different Versions of Java<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>How JAVA was implemented from time to Time:</b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 1.0</i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java 1.0 is started from January 23, 1996<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Its originally called Oak.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The first stable version is java 1.0.2.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 1.1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java 1.1 is Started from February 19, 1997 <br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Features added:<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Retooling of the AWT event model<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Inner classes added to the language<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JavaBeans<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JDBC<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>RMI <br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reflection which supported introspection only.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 1.2</i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Features added: </b><br />
-keyword Strictfp is added <br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>reflection which supported introspection only<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Swing api integration into the core classes<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JVM equipped with a jit compiler<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java plug-in<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java IDL<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An IDL implementation for corba interoperability<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Collections Framework<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 1.3</i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Features added: </b><br />
- Hotspot jvm included<br />
- Java Sound<br />
<br />
- JNDI included in core libraries<br />
- Java platform debugger architecture (jpda)<br />
- RMI was modified to support optional compatibility with corba<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 1.4</i></b><br />
<b>•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features added: </b><br />
- assert keyword<br />
- Regular expressions<br />
- Exception chaining (allows an exception to encapsulate original lower-level exception)<br />
- Internet protocol version 6 (IPV6) support<br />
- Non-blocking nio (new input/output)<br />
- Logging API<br />
- Image i/o api for reading and writing images in formats like jpeg and png<br />
- Integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP)<br />
- Integrated security and cryptography extensions (JCE, JSSE, JAAS)<br />
- Java web start<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 5</i></b><br />
<b>•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features added: </b><br />
- Generics: provides compile-time (static) type safety for collections and eliminates the need for most typecasts (type conversion).<br />
- Metadata: also called annotations; allows language constructs such as classes and methods to be tagged with additional data, which can then be processed by metadata-aware utilities.<br />
- Auto boxing/un boxing: automatic conversions between primitive types (such as int) and primitive wrapper classes (such as integer).<br />
- Enumerations: the enum keyword creates a typesafe, ordered list of values (such as day.monday, day.tuesday, etc.). Previously this could only be achieved by non-typesafe constant integers or manually constructed classes (typesafe enum pattern).<br />
- Swing: new skinnable look and feel, called synth.<br />
- Var args: the last parameter of a method can now be declared using a type name followed by three dots (e.g. Void drawtext(string... Lines)). In the calling code any number of parameters of that type can be used and they are then placed in an array to be passed to the method, or alternatively the calling code can pass an array of that type.<br />
- Enhanced for each loop: the for loop syntax is extended with special syntax for iterating over each member of either an array or any iterable, such as the standard collection classesfix the previously broken semantics of the java memory model, which defines how threads interact through memory.<br />
- Automatic stub generation for rmi objects.<br />
- Static imports concurrency utilities in package java.util.concurrent.<br />
- Scanner class for parsing data from various input streams and buffers.<br />
- Assertions<br />
- StringBuilder class (in java.lang package)<br />
- Annotations<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 6</i></b><br />
<b>•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features added: </b><br />
- Support for older win9x versions dropped.<br />
- Scripting lang support: Generic API for integration with scripting languages, & built-in mozilla javascript rhino integration<br />
- Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform, and swing.<br />
- Improved web service support through JAX-WS JDBC 4.0 support<br />
- Java compiler API: an API allowing a java program to select and invoke a java compiler programmatically.<br />
- Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: including integration of a stax parser.<br />
- Support for pluggable annotations<br />
- Many GUI improvements, such as integration of swingworker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 6 update 10</i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A major enhancement in terms of end-user usability.<br />
- Java Deployment Toolkit, a set of javascript functions to ease the deployment of applets and java web start applications.<br />
- Java Kernel, a small installer including only the most commonly used jre classes. Enhanced updater.<br />
- Enhanced versioning and pack200 support: server-side support is no longer required.<br />
- Java quick starter, to improve cold start-up time.<br />
- Improved performance of java2D graphics primitives on windows, using direct3D and hardware acceleration.<br />
- A new Swing look and feel called NIMBUS and based on synth.<br />
- Next-generation java plug-in: applets now run in a separate process and support many features of web start applications.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 6 update 12</i></b><br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This release includes the highly anticipated 64-bit java plug-in (for 64-bit browsers only), windows server 2008 support, and performance improvements of java and JAVAFX applications<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 6</i></b><br />
<b>•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features added:</b><br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Support for older win9x versions dropped.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Scripting lang support: Generic API for integration with scripting languages, & built-in mozilla javascript rhino integration<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform, and swing.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Improved web service support through JAX-WS JDBC 4.0 support<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java compiler API: an API allowing a java program to select and invoke a java compiler programmatically.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: including integration of a stax parser.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Support for pluggable annotations<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Many GUI improvements, such as integration of swingworker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java 7</i></b><br />
<b>•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Features Added:</b><br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upgrade class-loader architecture: A method that frees the underlying resources, such as open files, held by a URLClassLoader<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Concurrency and collections updates: A lightweight fork/join framework, flexible and reusable synchronization barriers, transfer queues, concurrent linked double-ended queues, and thread-local pseudo-random number generators.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Internationalization Upgrade: Upgrade on Unicode 6.0, Locale enhancement and Separate user locale and user-interface locale.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>More new I/O APIs for the Java platform (NIO.2), NIO.2 filesystem provider for zip/jar archives, SCTP, SDP, TLS 1.2 support.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Security & Cryptography implemented Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC).<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upgrade to JDBC 4.1 and Rowset 1.1.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>XRender pipeline for Java 2D, Create new platform APIs for 6u10 graphics features, Nimbus look-and-feel for Swing, Swing JLayer component, Gervill sound synthesizer.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Upgrade the components of the XML stack to the most recent stable versions: JAXP 1.4, JAXB 2.2a, and JAX-WS 2.2.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Enhanced MBeans." Support for dynamically-typed languages (InvokeDynamic): Extensions to the JVM, the Java language, and the Java SE API to support the implementation of dynamically-typed languages at performance levels near to that of the Java language itself<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strict class-file checking: Class files of version 51 (SE 7) or later must be verified with the typechecking verifier; the VM must not fail over to the old inferencing verifier.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Small language enhancements (Project Coin): A set of small language changes intended to simplify common, day-to-day programming tasks: Strings in switch statements, try-with-resources statements, improved type inference for generic instance creation ("diamond"), simplified varargs method invocation, better integral literals, and improved exception handling (multi-catch).<br />
<br />
<b><i>Java8</i></b><br />
•<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Code name is Spider. Features Added:</b><br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JSR 335, JEP 126: Language-level support for lambda expressions.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JSR 223, JEP 174: Project Nashorn, a JavaScript runtime which allows developers to embed JavaScript code within applications.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JSR 308, JEP 104: Annotation on Java Types.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Unsigned Integer Arithmetic.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JSR 337, JEP 120: Repeating annotations.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JSR 310, JEP 150: Date and Time API.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JEP 178: Statically-linked JNI libraries.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JEP 153: Launch JavaFX applications (direct launching of JavaFX application JARs).<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>JEP 122: Remove the permanent generation.<br />
-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Java 8 is not supported on Windows XP. But as of JDK 8 update 5, it still can run under Windows XP after forced installation by directly unzipping from the installation executable.<br />
<br />
<b>-------------------------------------------------------------</b><br />
<b>Article By: </b><br />
<b>A.Srilakshmi</b><br />
<b>Assistant Professor</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>CSE Department</b><br />
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-75432605170534849082015-08-05T03:32:00.001-07:002015-08-05T03:32:27.321-07:00Pointers in C<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
C language has become popular because of pointers. Pionters are introduced first in C.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pointer is a special type of variable which stores the address of the variable of similar data type.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Whereas the normal variable will store only values. Every pointer will occupy equal amount of memory(2 or 4 bytes), because it stores only the address and address is always a numeric value.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The memory a program uses is divided into four different areas:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
i.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The code area, where the compiled program sits in memory.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ii.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The global area , where global variables are stored.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
iii.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The heap, where dynamically allocated variables are allocated from.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
iv.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The stack, where parameters and local variables are allocated from.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pointers can be used with a normal variable , arrays , functions structures. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Using pointers we can achieve </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
i.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dynamic memory allocation</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ii.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Call be reference.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Using pointers we can make a function to return more than one value.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Pointer plays a very important role in creating trees and graphs , where we use self-referential structuresFor developing those applications.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>----------------------------------------------------------------</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Article By:</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Kaja Masthan</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Assistant Professor</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>CSE Department</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-76887486806888238042015-08-05T03:31:00.000-07:002015-08-05T03:31:00.396-07:00Morphing in Computer Graphics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Transformation of object shapes from one form to another morphing</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Morphing methods can be applied to any motion or transition involving a change in shape</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Given two key frames for an object transformation. Adjust the object specification in one of the frame so that the number of polygon edge is the same for the two frames.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>This pre-processing step is illustrated in below figure.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq159lFR2-Ge3sZt5G65hOpjwq_bOPkNvnpD5CgsVIN8kAStVlgh-ZigaHdlJYXtFPaDCwF6ULoJZnsclbOcBKoCOD8zGnyuh3B9xHDDCe9Zhi6qgCk2CfSvDC6mcgkH_b__3vDKD2nE/s1600/computergraphics.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq159lFR2-Ge3sZt5G65hOpjwq_bOPkNvnpD5CgsVIN8kAStVlgh-ZigaHdlJYXtFPaDCwF6ULoJZnsclbOcBKoCOD8zGnyuh3B9xHDDCe9Zhi6qgCk2CfSvDC6mcgkH_b__3vDKD2nE/s400/computergraphics.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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A straight –line segment in key frame K is transformed into two line segments in key frame K+1.</div>
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<br /></div>
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As key frame K+1 has an extra vertex, add a vertex between vertices 1 and 2 in key frame K to balance the number of vertices in the two key frames.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Use linear interpolation to generate the in-betweens, transits the added vertex in the key frame K into vertex 3 along the straight line as shown in the below figure.</div>
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The triangle linearly expanding into quadrilateral</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAdmvCy2TBWGXtmmqZYWUuOCRHCLkP2kHawFkvzRAuM71DGZ7ysoiinYLC4mCxtOhYOOhL_0N7nuhGaVRgpzYHhwdJqu1PxxdQ-TJsTz9IvQf6vuB2Ur6U3N_tFZx1_2EbJiFW2tUQCVs/s1600/csegraphics.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAdmvCy2TBWGXtmmqZYWUuOCRHCLkP2kHawFkvzRAuM71DGZ7ysoiinYLC4mCxtOhYOOhL_0N7nuhGaVRgpzYHhwdJqu1PxxdQ-TJsTz9IvQf6vuB2Ur6U3N_tFZx1_2EbJiFW2tUQCVs/s400/csegraphics.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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Suppose to equalize the edge count, and parameters Lk and LK+1 denote the number of line segments in two consecutive frames. </div>
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Then define</div>
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LMAX = max (Lk, LK+1)</div>
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LMIN = min (Lk, LK+1)</div>
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The preprocessing is accomplished by </div>
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1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dividing Ne edge of key frame min into Ns+1 sections</div>
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2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dividing the remaining lines of key framemin into Ns sections</div>
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<b><i>Example</i></b></div>
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If Lk = 15 and LK+1 = 11</div>
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Divide 4 lines of keyframek+1 into 2 sections each. The remaining lines of are left intact.</div>
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If vertex count is equalized, use parameters VK and VK+1 to denote the number of vertices in the two consecutive frames.</div>
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Here</div>
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Vmax = max (VK , VK+1) Vmin = min (VK , VK+1) </div>
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And Nls = (Vmax – 1) mod (Vmin -1)</div>
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Np = int (Vmax – 1)/ (Vmin -1)</div>
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Preprocessing using vertex count is performed by </div>
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1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Adding Np points to Nls line sections of keyframemin</div>
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2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Adding Np - 1 points to the remaining edges of keyframemin</div>
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For the triangle to quadrilateral example, VK = 3 and VK+1 = 4</div>
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Both Nls and Np are 1, so add one point to one edge of key frame, no points would be added to the remaining lines of keyframek+1</div>
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<b>Simulating Accelerations</b></div>
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If vertex positions at key frames are given, then fit the positions with linear or nonlinear paths.</div>
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Figure below illustrates a non linear fit of key frame positions</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgWF-XlLm3ozA0bLkjREkV2x0CPIYYBtmLZ_KMkV6t74wNFv8u_Kgcrrtae8fD3gMPpie3S_eQ_RgJJUUjPO3wFUkGQPQWNsYpzhoDuEoFpIhVde-RL_5Ur1CHcrGcfKMtFWtUCYktUyo/s1600/graphics-maths.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgWF-XlLm3ozA0bLkjREkV2x0CPIYYBtmLZ_KMkV6t74wNFv8u_Kgcrrtae8fD3gMPpie3S_eQ_RgJJUUjPO3wFUkGQPQWNsYpzhoDuEoFpIhVde-RL_5Ur1CHcrGcfKMtFWtUCYktUyo/s400/graphics-maths.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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This determines the trajectories for the in-betweens. To simulate accelerations, adjust the time spacing for in-betweens.</div>
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For constant speed, use equal – interval time spacing for the in-betweens.</div>
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Suppose if n in-betweens are needed for key frames at times t1and t2, the time interval between key frames is then divided into n+1 sub intervals, yielding an in-between spacing of</div>
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∆t = t2 – t1</div>
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N+1</div>
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Calculate the time for any in-betweens as</div>
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tBj = t1+ j∆t , j=1,2,3,--------n</div>
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And determine the values for coordinate positions, color, and other physical parameters.</div>
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The start- up and slow- down portions of an animation path is modeled with sp line (or) trigonometric functions.</div>
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Parabolic and Cubic time functions have been applied to acceleration modeling.</div>
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Trigonometric functions are more commonly used in animation package.</div>
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To model increasing speed, the time spacing between frames is increased, so that greater changes in position occur as the object move faster.</div>
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The increasing interval size is obtained with the function 1- COSθ, 0< θ<π/2</div>
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For n in-betweens the time for jth in-between is calculated as </div>
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tBj = t1 + ∆t[1 – cos(jπ/2(n+1)], j=1,2,------n</div>
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<b><i>Example</i></b></div>
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Figure below illustrates a plot of trigonometric acceleration function and the in-betweens spacing for n = 5.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ5BmUqaKiHMM6oHiHwbu-DVzvl6pH41qsIakM-z5eX6BkrjCbnhUtSsXHrbBLqtybO7xVGtCHB1qKil6uGh5k3a0-hrUnEheJnopNuOi1qmV_vi8oCQ0hdw8HN-i6l3xHguBkxVwb1ZQ/s1600/graphicsmonit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ5BmUqaKiHMM6oHiHwbu-DVzvl6pH41qsIakM-z5eX6BkrjCbnhUtSsXHrbBLqtybO7xVGtCHB1qKil6uGh5k3a0-hrUnEheJnopNuOi1qmV_vi8oCQ0hdw8HN-i6l3xHguBkxVwb1ZQ/s400/graphicsmonit.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Model the decreasing speed with sinθ in the range of . The time position of an in-between is defiened as </div>
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tBj = t1+ ∆t sin j π/2(n+1) , j=1,2,3,--------n</div>
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The plot ok the function and the decreasing size of the time intervals is shown in below figure</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_JK1OJIbIYD0ObEtkgmvsYIMD18CX-C9X_2pMKqMyBVEoW-jvGpknz-XLt5azxEHSNfyBrGB8HHO8S8NEamojv_1Qwh1pOf4kzIvKrDq4Lf2kPC-WGuf-Sg5XADabq9Lba_DNMoZGtQI/s1600/trigonometric.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_JK1OJIbIYD0ObEtkgmvsYIMD18CX-C9X_2pMKqMyBVEoW-jvGpknz-XLt5azxEHSNfyBrGB8HHO8S8NEamojv_1Qwh1pOf4kzIvKrDq4Lf2kPC-WGuf-Sg5XADabq9Lba_DNMoZGtQI/s320/trigonometric.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Motion contain both speed-ups and speed-downs </div>
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To model a combination of increasing – decreasing speed by first increasing the in-between time spacing, then decrease this spacing.</div>
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The function accomplished for this time changes is</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>½(1 – COSθ ) 0<θ<π/2</div>
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The time for jth in-between is calculated os </div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> tBj = t1 + ∆t { 1 – COS[j π/(n+1)]/2} j=1,2,3,4-------------n</div>
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Processing the in-between is simplified by initially modeling “skeleton” objects.</div>
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This allows interactive adjustment of motion sequences.</div>
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After the animation sequence is completely defined objects can be fully rendered.</div>
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<b>Motion Specifications</b></div>
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There are several ways in which the motion of objects can be specified in an animation system</div>
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<b>Direct Motion Specification</b></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The straight forward method o defining a motion sequence is direct specification of motion parameters.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The rotation angles and translation vectors are given explicitly</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Then the geometric transformation matrices are applied to transform coordinate positions.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use an approximating equation to specify certain kinds of motions.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Approximate the path o a bouncing ball, for instance, with a damped , rectified , sine curve</div>
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A - initially amplitude</div>
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W – Angular frequency</div>
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Θ – is the phase angle</div>
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K – damping constant</div>
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These methods can be used for simple user program animation sequences.</div>
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<b>Goal – Directed Systems</b></div>
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The systems are referred to as goal directed because they determine specific motion parameters which are given of the animation.</div>
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<b><i>Example</i></b></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Specify an object to “walk” or to “run” to a particular destination (or) state the object to “pick up” some other specified object.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The input directives are then interrupted in terms of component motions that will accomplish the selected task </div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Human motions, for instance, can be defined as an hierarchical structure of sub motions for the torso , limbs and so forth.</div>
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<b>Kinematics and Dynamics</b></div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Animation sequence can be constructed using kinematic (or) dynamic descriptions.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>With a kinematic description , the animation can be specified by giving motion parameters with out reference to the forces that cause the motion.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Kinematic specification of motion can also be given by simply describing the motion path. This is often done using sp line curves.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An alternative approach is to use inverse kinematics </div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This method is often used for complex objects by giving positions and orientations of an end node of object, such as hand (or) foot.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The system then determine the motion parameters of other nodes to accomplish the desired motion</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dynamic descriptors, require the specification of the forces that produce the velocities and accelerations</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Descriptors of object behaviour under the influence of forces are generally referred as physically based modelling.</div>
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•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Applications of physically based modelling include complex rigid – body systems and such non rigid systems as cloth and plastic materials.</div>
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<b>Article By:</b></div>
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<b>S.Guru Jyothi</b></div>
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<b>Asst.Prof.</b></div>
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<b>CSE Department</b></div>
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<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s1600/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtaoXn9MJjvGP7fEvFue_cfEG59pPuFx32HhNH-_slH01MgI0LlFnaLJB0Oy0truBHmdQJu8uKGoJ6sPFsQVhYSubIqzl8cJXtVMiPHb0RqdB9cQFEEPPUliH0tjyg5LqF4ktrN_5c3Gk/s200/sphoorthy+Engineering+College+Logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-6546577896960106952015-08-05T03:30:00.001-07:002015-08-05T03:30:19.641-07:00TYPES OF SCANNER GENERATOR TOOLS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Lex : </b>lex was developed in 1970 at bell laboratories by mike lesk and eric Schmidt. It was made available as part of the Unix operating system and its variants. It generates the c code for the scanner from the given lexical specification .lex is also a part of the portable operating system interface standards.<br />
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<b>Flex :</b> it is also known as fast lexical generator and is similar to lex. It was written in the c language by Vern Paxson in 1987. The C++ version of flex is flex++.it is available in UNIX and UNIX-variant operating systems.<br />
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<b>JLEX:</b> it is written for scanning java program. Elliot Berk at Princeton university developed this tool, and it is now mainted by C. Scott Ananian. JLex can handle Unicode.<br />
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<b>Regal :</b> It is a scanner software that helps in realizing the finite state machine from the given regular expressions. For each transitions in the finite state machine, actions such as sending the token to the parser or displaying an error message can be associated with it. Its output code can be made compatible with C, C++, Objective-C,D, Go, Java or Ruby code. Ragel was developed by Adrian Thurston in 2000 and was released under GNU.<br />
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<b>Java CC</b>( Java Compiler Compiler) : JavaCC is a lexical analyser tool and is available os open source. It is similar to lex. Sri ram Sankar and Sreeni Viswanadha developed Java CC in 1996, and it is now owned by Sun Microsystems. It falls under the Berkeley software Distribution(BSD) license. Java CC generates both scanner and parser program on interpreting the specification file.<br />
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<b>Quex</b>: This is also similar to lex. It generates C and C++ codes for scanning. Some of the features of these tools are(a) the scanner produced by this tool is more similar to a hand-written code than the table-based code and (b) it supports Unicode characters. It was developed by Ing. Frank-Rense Schafer in 2001 and is licensed under GNU Library General Public License (LGPL). More details can be found at http://quex.sourceforge.net/.<br />
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<b>Article By:</b><br />
<b>A. Sunitha</b><br />
<b>Associate Professor</b><br />
<b>CSE Department</b><br />
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sphoorthy Engineering College</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-71501196557527557102015-08-05T03:28:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:28:38.718-07:00UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The main purpose of learning this language is to design diagrams which also represent to design phase of Waterfall Model.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In this language we mainly learn about the construction of 9 diagrams. Among 9 diagrams 4 are static and 5 are dynamic.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The static diagrams are </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Class Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Object Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Component Diagram and </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Deployment Diagram.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The dynamic diagrams are </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use Case Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sequence Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Collaboration Diagram </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Activity Diagram,</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>State Chart Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The class Diagram and Object Diagram represent the structure of the entire system. so they can also be called as Structure Modeling Diagrams.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Component Diagram and Deployment Diagram represent the architecture of the entire system. So they can also be represented as Architectural Modeling Diagrams.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Sequence Diagram represent the “Time Ordering of Messages” and Collaboration Diagram represent the “Entire Organizational flow of Messages”. So they can also be represented as Interaction Diagrams.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Use Case Diagram represents the entire behavior of the system and Activity Diagram represent the control flow of the system. So the can also be represented as the Behavior Modeling Diagrams.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The State Chart Diagram represent different types of states and how to connect these states.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Among all Diagrams the main and important Diagrams which have to be used for designing any system are</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Class Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use Case Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sequence Diagram</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Collaboration Diagram </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Activity Diagram.<br />
<br />
<b>---------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />Article By:</b><br />
<b>S.Guru Jyothi</b><br />
<b>Asst. Prof.</b><br />
<b>CSE Department</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-2835795661149484532015-08-05T03:23:00.000-07:002015-08-05T03:23:09.357-07:00Design Pattern<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
According to software, Each Design pattern describe a problem and provides a programingsolution to a commonly occurring problem in anobject oriented software application design. Design pattern provides a template to solve a problem that can be used insoftware design by experience software developers.<br />
<br />
<b>What is the importance of design pattern?</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
A Design patterns provide the most powerful methods for building large software system. Design Patterns provide known solutions to reoccurring problems that developers are facing day to day programming environment. There are several advantages of using patterns if applied correctly. By using patterns reusable software components can be built in frameworks.<br />
<br />
<b>What are Design Patterns? </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
A Design patterns provide the best practices used by experienced object-oriented software developers. Design patterns are best solutions to general problems that are faced by software developers during the software development.<br />
<br />
Design Patterns are the best solutions for the re-occurring problems in the application programming environment.<br />
<br />
Nearly a universal standard for the software design. Software design patterns mainly used in Object Oriented programmingi.e. in java, c++ or .Net programs.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Types of Design Pattern are:</b></h3>
<br />
1. <i>Creational design patterns: </i><br />
In the catalog of design pattern the first category of design patterns are creational design patterns.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>These are as follows</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
1.<i>Abstract-Factory: </i><br />
Creates an instance of classes for several packages families.<br />
<div>
<div>
2.<i>Builder</i></div>
<div>
Builder design pattern separates object construction from its representation</div>
<div>
3.<i>Factory-Method</i></div>
<div>
Factory method creates an instance of derived classes</div>
<div>
4.<i>Prototype</i></div>
<div>
A prototype design provides a clone classes for copy. </div>
<div>
5.<i>Singleton</i></div>
<div>
It provides a single instance of a class or method for whole design<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Structural Design Patterns</b></h3>
<br /></div>
<div>
These are the second category of design patterns that provides object creation and object implementation to the object structure to compose new functionalities.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Adapter</b></div>
<div>
It provide a set of Match interfaces of different classes</div>
<div>
<b>Bridge</b></div>
<div>
It Separates an object’s interface from its implementation of classes.</div>
<div>
<b>Composite</b></div>
<div>
A tree structure of simple classes and composition of objects.</div>
<div>
<b>Decorator</b></div>
<div>
It attaches additional responsibilities to objects dynamically</div>
<div>
<b>Facade</b></div>
<div>
It Provides unified interface to a single class that represents an entire subsystem</div>
<div>
<b>Flyweight</b></div>
<div>
A fine-grained objects instances used for efficient sharing in the classes.</div>
<div>
<b>Proxy</b></div>
<div>
It provides a place holderfor the other objects<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Behavioral Design Patterns</h3>
<br /></div>
<div>
These are the third category of design patterns that provides object creation and object implementation using the algorithms.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Chainofresponsibility</b></div>
<div>
A way of passing a request between a chain of objects</div>
<div>
<b>Command</b></div>
<div>
Encapsulate a command request as an object</div>
<div>
<b>Interpreter</b></div>
<div>
A way to include language elements in a program</div>
<div>
<b>Iterator</b></div>
<div>
Sequentially access the elements of a collection</div>
<div>
<b>Mediator</b></div>
<div>
Defines simplified communication between classes</div>
<div>
<b>Memento</b></div>
<div>
Capture and restore an object's internal state</div>
<div>
<b>Observer</b></div>
<div>
A way of notifying change to a number of classes</div>
<div>
<b>State</b></div>
<div>
Alter an object's behavior when its state changes</div>
<div>
<b>Strategy</b></div>
<div>
Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class</div>
<div>
<b>Template-method</b></div>
<div>
Defer the exact steps of an algorithm to a subclass</div>
<div>
<b>Visitor</b></div>
<div>
Defines a new operation to a class without change<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Uses of Design Patterns</h3>
<br /></div>
<div>
Design patterns can speed up the development process by providing tested, proven development object oriented paradigms. Reusing design patterns helps to prevent the design issues that can cause major problems and improves code reusability for coders and architects familiar with the design patterns.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The experience software people only understand how to apply certain software design techniques to certain problems. Design patterns provide solutions, and provide a documented formatfor the specific problems.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<b>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></div>
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<b></b><br />
<div>
<b>Moghal Yaseen Pasha</b></div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div>
<b>Assistant Professor</b></div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div>
<b>CSE Department</b></div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div>
<b>Sphoorthy Engineering College</b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339128771118969203noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4740560915472980096.post-30467547498957058392015-08-05T03:20:00.003-07:002015-08-05T03:20:40.132-07:00Data Communications and Computer Networks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Data Communication enables communication within the devices. Different methods have been used and associated with each method are various advantages and disadvantages.<br />
<br />
<b>Communication mainly based on concept of layers in our daily life.</b><br />
<br />
For example consider two friends who communicate through postal mail and the steps related to it are<br />
<br />
<b><i>Sender</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step1: </b>The letter is written,put in an envelop,and dropped in a mailboxHigher layer.<br />
<b>Step2: </b>The letter is carried from the mailbox to a post office-Middle layer.<br />
<b>Step3: </b>The letter is delivered to a carrier by the post office-Lower layer.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Reciever</i></b><br />
<br />
<b>Step1: </b>The letter is picked up,removed from the envelope and read-Higher layer.<br />
<b>Step2: </b>The letter is carried from the post office to the mailbox-Middle layer.<br />
<b>Step3: </b>The letter is delivered from the carrier to the post office-Lower layer.<br />
<br />
By using the technology we can implement the above communication in devices using OSI (Open System InterConnection) MODEL<br />
<br />
It was first introduced in the year late 1970s.<br />
<br />
An <b>open system</b> is a set of rules that allow any two different systems to communicate<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj56iqlne4fCrbfpw7gCKUIVBdVoSzTewv9IANnIfoNotcZvwPmOP8RHeLqNDeGMMOnEZaF4oFnQOgRs5hEncqKJwiwJB3UFlZJSmwDJWh_Sa2le5drAFqcxEHtvyjqohotDSOVllht7ik/s1600/data-communications.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj56iqlne4fCrbfpw7gCKUIVBdVoSzTewv9IANnIfoNotcZvwPmOP8RHeLqNDeGMMOnEZaF4oFnQOgRs5hEncqKJwiwJB3UFlZJSmwDJWh_Sa2le5drAFqcxEHtvyjqohotDSOVllht7ik/s400/data-communications.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Physical Layer:</b></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The Physical layer deals with the signals. Signals are defined by 0 and 1. It also deals with the networks and interlinks with the data link layer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Data Link Layer:</b></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The Data Link layer deals with the functionalities like </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
a.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Error Control</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
b.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Flow Control</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
c.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Access Control</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It also deals with the sub layers like</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
LLC-Logic Link Layer and MAC-Medium Access Control</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Network Layer:</b></h3>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The Network Layer is responsible for Packet Forwarding.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It deals with addressing protocols like IPV4 and IPV6.It also deals with the ICMP,ICMPV6 and IGMP protocols.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Transport Layer:</b></h3>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The Transport Layer responsible for accepting data from above and it also provides the types of connection.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Transport layer supports two protocols </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>TCP-Transmission Control Protocol(Connection Oriented).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>UDP-User Datagram Protocol(Connectionless).</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3>
<b>The Session Layer:</b></h3>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The Session layer supports Tokenization and Synchronization.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It is sometimes called as the Port layer.it is the value added layer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Presentation Layer:</b></h3>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The presentation layer deals with the syntax and semantics.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It mainly supports encryption and also Compression.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>The Application Layer:</b></h3>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The application layer supports high level protocols like HTTP, SMTP and FTP. This layer is used for reading and writing data.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>The above layers related to Traditional model as 3 subgroups:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Higher layer</b>-these are user support layers named as Session, Presentation and Application Layer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Middle layer</b>-Links the higher and lower layers named as Transport Layer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Lower layer</b>-these are Network Support Layers named as Physical, Data link and Network Layer.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b>------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>N.Anjaneyulu</b><br />
<b>Asst.Professor</b><br />
<b>CSE Department<br />Sphoorthy Engineering College</b><br />
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